Asefrek n isenfaṛen

Mamek ad taruḍ adlis n tiwtilin i usenfar n useɣẓan neɣ web

Sɣur Codevista InnovationsYeffeɣ-d ass n 12 Kṭuber 20269 n tesdatin n tɣuri

Adlis n tiwtilin (cahier des charges) yelhan n useɣẓan yesgelmay tiḥwajt, maci tifrat: wi i d iseqdacen, acu ilaq ad zemren ad t-gen, s wacu n tiwtilin ara tekfu tmahilt, d deg wacu n tilisa (taɣellist, asenṣeb, tutlayin, budget, izemzen). Yettili deg tam n yiḥricen, seg yiswiyen n tkebbanit ar tilla n tengalt d uḥraz-nnes. Mi yettwaru s lɛqel, yettuɣal d asdawan amatu gar umsaɣ d umsenfar, sakin yettkemmil d backlog agile deg teɣzi n usenfar.

Matta i d-yettak udlis n tiwtilin i usenfar web?

Adlis n tiwtilin (cahier des charges) yessuffuɣ tiḥwajin n tkebbanit s wawal ara tfehhem terbaɛt n usnulfu. I tnbaḍt tamatut neɣ i tnbaḍt n tsenselkimt (DSI), d allal ara yeǧǧen ad tsemmseḍ gar tuznin (offres), ad tesmḍneḍ budget n tidet, ad tesselḥuḍ asenfar mebla amsefhem n tuccḍa.

Yeḥrez amsaɣ (client): mebla adlis n usdawan, yewɛer ad tesbeggneḍ dakken tella tmahilt ixuṣṣen neɣ dakken tuzna ur temṣada ara d wayen yettwaran. Yeḥrez daɣen amsenfar (prestataire): tiɣzi n uxeddim (périmètre) yettwaran tesseḥbas isutar imaynuten i d-yettrnun mebla ma ttwasmeḍnen s yidrimen.

Mi yewjed udlis, amnir-nneɣ i wakken ad tferneḍ takebbanit n usnulfu deg Dar Lbiḍa yessegzay iseqsawen ilaqen ad ten-tesqeseḍ i yimsenfaren.

Matta tuddsa i wakken ad taruḍ adlis n tiwtilin n useɣẓan?

Ha-t-an yiwen n umuɣ amedya, ad t-tesmṣadeḍ d tiɣzi n usenfar. Nebdu s « ayɣer » uqbel « acu », s « acu » uqbel « mamek ».

1. Asatal d yiswiyen: tawaḍit n tura, ugur ilaqen ad yefru, d yimesmalen n tkebbanit ara teḍfer tkebbanit s yiman-nnes i wakken ad tesnqed agmuḍ (akud n usesfer n ufaylu, tuccḍiwin n tira, tiwuriwin mazal ttwaxdament s ufus).
2. Iseqdacen d personas: wi ara yesqedcen allal (imsaɣen, imsenzaz, back-office, imsefraken), ɣef wacu n yibenk d s wacu n tutlayt.
3. Tiɣzi tamahilt (périmètre fonctionnel): tiḥwajin s talɣa n user stories, yal yiwet s yisektayen-nnes n uqbal d usizwer-nnes.
4. Tiwtilin ur nelli d timahilin: tazmert (performance), taɣellist, anekcum i yal yiwen (accessibilité), asenṣeb, tutlayin.
5. Tidukliwin (intégrations): ERP, CRM, imayl d tirawin, tawwurt n ufru s uẓeṭṭa (passerelle de paiement), anekcum asuf (SSO), API n yimdukkal.
6. Isefka d usenkez (migration): isefka yellan ilaqen ad ttwasekcmen, tigezmi-nsen, akud n uḥraz-nsen d yisefka udmawen ittekkan.
7. Tilisa, budget d uwitay (calendrier): tagrumt n budget (fourchette), azemz ur nettbeddil neɣ azemz yettwaramen, tilisa n yilugan neɣ tid n daxel n tkebbanit.
8. Ayen ara yettwafken, tilla d uḥraz: acu ara yettwafken, wi yeṭṭfen tangalt d tilla tamusnawt, mamek ara yettwaḥrez useɣẓan (maintenance).

Kra n yisebtar yettwasuddsen s lɛqel yifen adlis ameqqran ur yettɣar yiwen. Rnu imedyaten n wudmawen (maquettes) d tugniwin n uɣawas yellan deg tmernit (annexe).

Mamek ad tgelmeḍ timahilin: user stories d yisektayen n uqbal

Talɣa yelhan ugar d user story: « Nekk d [aseqdac], bɣiɣ ad [tigawt] i wakken ad [anfaɛ] ». Tḥettem ad tiniḍ wi yesɛan tiḥwajt d ayɣer.

Yal story teddu d yisektayen n uqbal (critères d'acceptation): tiwtilin yettwasenqaden ara yeǧǧen ad tiniḍ, mebla amennuɣ, ma tekfa tmahilt. Amedya, i usuter n usteɛfu (congé):

• amexdam yettwali amḍan n wussan i s-d-yeqqimen uqbel ad yesentem asuter-nnes;
• amsefrak (manager) yettawi-d ulɣu (notification), yezmer ad yeqbel neɣ ad yugi s uwennit;
• asuter yemlalen d akud yettwaqbel yakan yettwaḥbas, s yizen yettbinen.

Rnu asizwer i yal story, amedya s tarrayt MoSCoW (Must, Should, Could, Won't: ur ilaq ad ixuṣ, yesɛa azal, yelha ma yella, ur yettekki ara deg lqem-a). D netta ara yeǧǧen ad tefruḍ ma yenquṣ budget, ad tesbeddeḍ tilisa n lqem amezwaru yettusqedcen s tidet.

Tiwtilin ur nelli d timahilin: taɣellist, tazmert, tutlayin d usenṣeb

S waṭas ttwattunt, ssqeddunt aṭas mi ara ttwaṣeggment deffir. Gelmet aswir yettwaramen, maci teknolojit.

• Tazmert (performance): amḍan n yiseqdacen deg yiwen n wakud, akud n tririt yettwaqbalen deg wudmawen ilaqen, aseqdec ɣef uẓeṭṭa n tiliɣri (réseau mobile).
• Taɣellist: tiwuriwin d yizerfan n unekcum, asentem n timagit (authentification), aɣmis n tigawin ilaqen (journalisation), tiḥraz n yisefka (sauvegardes) d tririt-nsen. Ssuter daɣen i umsenfar mamek ara yeḥrez isefka-nwen ɣur-s; aselɣun ISO/IEC 27001 d yiwen n umatar, am wakken i t-id-yessegzay umagrad-nneɣ ɣef taɣellist n yisefka ɣur umsenfar.
• Isefka udmawen: deg Murakuc, asesfer-nsen yettwaḍbeṭ s leɣnut 09-08 (loi 09-08, aḍris n Murakuc ɣef uḥraz n yisefka udmawen). Tiwuriwin ɣer CNDP (tamesbaṛt n Murakuc i yettḥeḍḍun isefka udmawen) llant ɣef umeswul ɣef usesfer, s umata d takebbanit tamsaɣt; gelmet acu ilaq ad d-yefk umsenfar i wakken ad tent-theggim (iswiyen, taggayin n yisefka, isuraf n taɣellist).
• Anekcum i yal yiwen (accessibilité): amgired n yini (contrastes), asnubeg s unasiw (clavier), amṣada d yimɣaren n ugdil (lecteurs d'écran); asdawan WCAG n W3C yettak-d amawal amatu i wakken ad tesbeddeḍ aswir yettwaramen.
• Asenṣeb (hébergement): cloud neɣ iqeddacen n daxel, adeg n yisefka ma yella yettwaḥettem (asiweḍ n yisefka udmawen ɣer berra n Murakuc yettwaḍbeṭ ula d netta s leɣnut 09-08), igemmaren n usenqed (recette) d usexdem (production).
• Tutlayin: tafransist, taɛrabt, taglizit, neɣ ula d tamaziɣt. Taɛrabt tessutur agrudem (interface) seg uyeffus ɣer uzelmaḍ (RTL): asmel am lemri (miroir), tasekkilt yemṣadan, iferdisen ara yesdukklen taɛrabt d yiwḍan. Ma yettwaheggan seg tazwara, d afran n usnulfu; ma yettwarna deg taggara n usenfar, d axeddim ameqqran.

Tidukliwin, isefka d usenkez: aḥric ur nettwaḥsab ara akken ilaq

Aseɣẓan n tkebbanit ur yettidir weḥd-s s waṭas. I yal anagraw ara yettwaqqnen, ini acu ilaq ad isemlal, s wacu n tnila d s wacu n tikkal, wi i d amsiwel-nnes atiknik, d ma yella udlis n API d ugemmar n usenqed. Tidukli ur d-yerri win t-id-yettaken (fournisseur) tezmer ad tḥebbes asenfar meṛṛa: yelha ad t-tesneḍ uqbel ad tezmleḍ azmul.

Asekcem n yisefka yessutur tamuɣli-nni kif-kif. Aru iɣbula (ifuyla Excel, asnas aqbur, taffa n yisefka yellan), sseḥsu s tidet tigezmi-nsen (isefka yettwalasen, iferdisen ilmawen, talɣiwin ur yemṣadan) d wi ara ten-yessizdgen (nettoyage). Heggi ma drus yiwen n usenkez n uɛraḍ (migration à blanc) deg ugemmar n usenqed uqbel abeddel n tidet, d tarrayt n tuɣalin ɣer deffir ma yella yexṣer.

Budget, izemzen, ayen ara yettwafken d tilla n tengalt

Aṭas n tkebbaniyin ttwexxirent ad d-mlent budget. Maca tagrumt n budget (fourchette budgétaire) tettaǧǧa imsenfaren ad d-sumren tifrat yemṣadan, maci tuznin ur yezmiren ad ttwasemsasent. Mgired daɣen gar uzemz ur nettbeddil d uzemz yettwaramen.

Aḥric n wayen ara yettwafken ilaq ad yekkes yal amsefhem:

• tuzna n tengalt taɣbalut (code source) deg yiwen n uḥraz (dépôt) ɣur-s takebbanit inekcamen;
• tilla tamusnawt (propriété intellectuelle) n tengalt yettwaxedmen i kenwi, d tiwtilin n useqdec n yiferdisen yettwasqedcen tikkelt nniḍen neɣ n open source; ur tettɣileḍ ara dakken afru n usnulfu yekfa i wakken ad tiliḍ d bab-nnes, ssuter ad yettwaru usiweḍ n yizerfan (cession des droits);
• adlis atiknik, anekcum ɣer yimiḍanen n usenṣeb d yismawen n taɣult (noms de domaine) s yisem n tkebbanit;
• tiwtilin n uḥraz (maintenance): aseɣti n tuccḍiwin, tisnernayin, akud n tririt, d tuɣalin (réversibilité) ma tbeddleḍ amsenfar.

Tiwtilin-a ttekkant deg uzmul (contrat): ssuter amussnaw n yizerfan (juriste) ad ten-yeɣer, maci ad tettkeleḍ ɣef umedya amatu.

Adlis n tiwtilin yettwasbedden neɣ backlog agile: mamek ad ten-tesdukleḍ?

Adlis n tiwtilin « au forfait », ara yesbedden tiɣzi meṛṛa n uxeddim, yessehdan aḥric n uɣ (achats) maca yettɣil dakken tiḥwajin meṛṛa ttwassnent seg tazwara, ayen ur nelli ara s waṭas. S umgal, backlog mebla adlis yettwaran yeǧǧa amsaɣ mebla aḥraz ɣef budget. Asdukkel i yeddan:

1. sbedd deg udlis ayen ur ilaqen ad yembiwel: iswiyen, iseqdacen, tiwtilin ur nelli d timahilin, budget, izemzen, ayen ara yettwafken d tilla;
2. aru tiɣzi tamahilt s user stories yettwasizwaren, ara yuɣalen d backlog amezwaru;
3. heggi tagelmint n tagrawla (découverte) i wakken ad tesseḥqeqeḍ user stories yezwaren;
4. sentem deg yal tuzzya (itération) deg ugemmar n usenqed, sakin fru yal asuter amaynut s ubeddel n yiwet n story n usizwer amecṭuḥ.

Akka i txeddem Codevista Innovations deg yisenfaṛen-nnes n usnulfu: tagelmint n usfay d usnulfu (UX/UI), sakin isprinten n sin n yimalasen s tuzna s wakud ɣef ugemmar n uselkem (staging) i usentem. Ma tesneɣniḍ amek ara tesddreḍ backlog-a, amsemsa-nneɣ Scrum neɣ Kanban ad k-iɛawen ad tferneḍ.

Ɣer umsaɣ, amdan yesselḥayen asenfar ilaq ad yeṭṭef tiɣzi n uxeddim, irisken d yimttekkiyen: d wigi i d tiɣulin n tsmuɣli PMP®, ara yesheggan i uselɣun n PMI.

Tuccḍiwin yettwassnen deg udlis n tiwtilin n usnas

• Agelmi n tifrat deg umkan n tiḥwajt: « taqeffalt (bouton) Excel deg ufella s uyeffus » deg umkan n « ilaq i tnbaḍt n yimdanen (RH) ad sseqdacen amezruy deg yiselkimen-nsen ». Amsenfar ur yezmir ad d-yesumer ayen yifen.
• War asizwer: mi ara yili kullec d ayen ur ilaq ad ixuṣ, ulac ayen yesɛan azal, dɣa afran amezwaru n budget yettuɣal d amennuɣ.
• Atu n yisektayen n uqbal: asenqed (recette) yettuɣal d amennuɣ ɣef usegzi.
• Tira weḥd-k: adlis yura DSI mebla iḥricen n uxeddim (métiers), neɣ s umgal, ad yettu kra seg tilisa.
• Aḥbas ɣer usuffeɣ (mise en production): mebla asenṣeb, aḥraz d tuɣalin yettwarun s ubrid iban, aseɣẓan yettwafken ad yuɣal s zzerb d asenṭel ur tebɣiḍ.

Tebɣiḍ yiwet n tmuɣli seg berra ɣef udlis-ik n tiwtilin, neɣ ad tesuddseḍ asenfar SaaS s wudem uslig i d-iteddun? Tarbaɛt n Codevista Innovations deg Dar Lbiḍa tezmer ad temmeslay yid-k: nermes-aɣ.

Isteqsiyen yettuɣalen

Matta i d amgired gar udlis n tiwtilin amahil d utiknik?

Adlis n tiwtilin amahil (fonctionnel) yesgelmay acu ilaq ad yeǧǧ useɣẓan ad yettwaxdem, i wacu n yiseqdacen d s wacu n yisektayen n usentem. Adlis n tiwtilin atiknik yesgelmay mamek ara yettwaxdem: tasaɣult (architecture), teknolojiyin, tamudemt n yisefka, asenṣeb. Amsaɣ yettaru amezwaru; amsenfar s umata yessuffuɣ wis sin, yettwasentem d DSI.

Acḥal n yisebtar ilaq ad yesɛu udlis n tiwtilin n usnas web?

Ulac teɣzi yelhan i yal yiwen: allal n daxel afessas yezmer ad yili deg kra n yisebtar, tamsuddest (plateforme) s waṭas n tdukliwin tessutur ugar. Asektay yelhan d asenqed: yal tamahilt yettwaramen ilaq ad tettwassen, ad tesɛu asizwer d yisektayen n uqbal. Adlis awezlan yeɣra-t iḥricen n uxeddim yif adlis aɣezfan ur yettɣar yiwen.

Ilaq ad d-mleɣ budget deg udlis n tiwtilin?

Ih, ma drus s talɣa n tegrumt (fourchette). Mebla aya, imsenfaren ad sbedden tuznin-nsen s tarrayin mgaradent aṭas, dɣa ur tettizmireḍ ad tent-tesemsaseḍ. Tagrumt tettaǧǧa yal yiwen ad d-yesumer ayen yellan d tidet, d ad d-yini ma yella ilaq ad yettwabḍu usenfar ɣef waṭas n lqem yemṭafaren. Ini daɣen ma yella budget yessaweḍ ula d aḥraz d usenṣeb deffir usuffeɣ.

Adlis n tiwtilin yemṣada d tarrayt Scrum?

Ih, ma yella ur tesbeddeḍ ara kullec. Adlis yesbedday iswiyen, iseqdacen, tiwtilin ur nelli d timahilin, budget, ayen ara yettwafken d tilla n tengalt. Tiɣzi tamahilt, yettwarun s user stories yettwasizwaren, tettuɣal d Product Backlog amezwaru, ara yessuddes Product Owner, ara tesseḥqeq terbaɛt sprint deffir sprint. Yal asuter amaynut yettwafra s usemsa d tistoriyin yellan, ayen ara yeḥerzen budget ddaw usenqed.